Australasian Emergency Nursing Journal
Volume 11, Issue 4 , Pages 184-188 , November 2008

Minimizing the ‘ouch’—A strategy to minimize pain, fear and anxiety in children presenting to the emergency department

  • Rhonda Winskill (RN, PICC, Ba Social Science (Adult Education), MN)

      Affiliations

    • Hunter New England Health Southern, Northern Child Health Network, NSW, Australia
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author at: Locked Bag 2007, Metford Mail Exchange, Metford 2323, Australia. Tel.: +61 2 4939 2354; fax: +61 2 4939 2274.
    • ,
  • Debbie Andrews (RN, RM, MN (Critical Care))

      Affiliations

    • Blacktown & Mt Druitt Hospitals, NSW, Australia

Received 8 February 2008 ,Revised 21 April 2008 ,Accepted 9 May 2008.

References 

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  2. American Academy of Pediatrics . The assessment and management of acute pain in infants, children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2001;108(3):793–797.
  3. Uman L, Chambers C, McGrath P, Kisely S. Psychological intervention for needle-related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents. The Cochrane Library, Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Support Care Group. http://ovid.tx.ovid.com/spa/ovidweb.cgi; 2007 [accessed 02.07].
  4. Almond C. Acute paediatric pain: assessment and management. Aust. Emergency Nurs. J. 1999;2(3):22–24
  5. Royal Australasian College of Physicians. Guideline statement management of procedure-related pain in children and adolescents. Sydney: Paediatric and Child Health Division, The Royal College of Physicians; 2005. p. 1–69.
  6. Cumming E, Reid G, Finlay A, McGrath P, Ritchie J. Prevalence and source of pain in pediatric inpatients. Pain. 1996;68:25–31
  7. Fanurik D, Koh J, Schmitz M. Distraction techniques combined with EMLA: effects on IV insertion pain and distress in children. Children's Health Care. 2000;29(2):87–101
  8. Schechter N, Zempsky W, Cohen L, McGrath P, McMurty M, Bright N. Pain reduction during pediatric immunizations: evidence-based review and recommendations. Pediatrics. 2007;119(5):L1184–L1198
  9. TLC Distraction Box Program®. Why TLC distraction boxes help children during medical procedures and examinations. TLC for Kids. Melbourne, Australia; 2003.
  10. Windich-Biermeir A, Sjoberg I, Dale J, Eshelman D, Guzzetta C. Effects of distraction on pain, fear and distress during venous port access and venipunture in children and adolescents with cancer. J. Pediatr. Oncol. Nurs. 2007;24(1):8–19
  11. Jeffs D. Self-selected distraction for acute procedural pain in adolescents: an intervention feasibility study. University of Massachusetts Amherst Ph.D. 228, 2005.
  12. Unruh A, McGrath P, Cunningham S, Humphreys P. Children's drawings of their pain. Pain. 2005;17(4):385–392
  13. NHMRC. When does quality assurance in health care require independent ethical review? http://nhmrc.gov.au/ethics/human/conduct/guidelines/_files/e46.pdf; 2008 [accessed 27.02.08].

PII: S1574-6267(08)00068-2

doi: 10.1016/j.aenj.2008.05.004

Australasian Emergency Nursing Journal
Volume 11, Issue 4 , Pages 184-188 , November 2008

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